Chromatography a Superiority Formula
"All flows, all changes".
Heraclides
"It's not difficult to know, it is difficult to get familiar".
Skovoroda
The theory of gas chromatography, presented by the equation of Van Deemter,
(1)
shows that for each chromatographic separation there exists an optimal flow rate above and below which the column efficiency is reduced.
In practice, the linear speed of the sample zone moved by the carrier gas, is changed continuously and increases as it approaches the outlet, which results in a non-effective use of a part of the column.
In this case equation (1) characterizes the optimal separation process only in that section of the chromatographic column through which the sample passes at an optional speed.
In equation (1) are constant values and is the speed of the moving zone of the sample which changes continuously in time. Thus equation (1) gets the following form:
(2)
where is the speed of the sample at a distance from the beginning of the column and changes - increases - toward the outlet. This shows that HETP is not always optimal in all sections of the chromatographic column.
Let be the length of the chromatographic column, the pressure at the inlet of the column and the pressure at the outlet of the column, the distance of a point on the chromatographic column from its inlet.
It is evident that pressure at point on the column can be determined from the correlation
The flow rate at any point on the chromatographic column depends on pressure at that point, as well as on the inlet pressure and the outlet pressure of the column. But the pressure at any point on the column depends on the inlet pressure and the outlet pressure of the chromatographic column and on the distance from the column inlet. Thus the flow rate at any point on the column in case of fixed physical parameters of the chromatographic column can be considered as a function of pressure at this point and at the ends and of the distance of this point from the column inlet;
Consequently the whole process in the chromatographic column is characterized by a multiple of equations (3).
When at the inlet and outlet of the column the pressure is kept constant, each section of the chromatographic column, through which the sample zone moves, is characterized by its equation from multiple (3).
However the linear speed of the sample zone moving with the carrier-gas can be kept constant by programming the pressure gradient movement along the column in time, realizing the function: pressure - location - time by keeping constant the pressure difference ∆ p at the ends of the chromatographic column during the whole cycle of the analysis (Russia Patent "Chromatograph of A. S. Hayrapetyan").
The sample travels through the chromatographic column in time
where is the length of the chromatographic column and the optimal speed of the sample zone.
The pressure at the inlet and outlet of the chromatographic column, undergoing a change at equal intervals of time, is expressed by
where - sample injection time, and - elution time.
We mark by
the sections of the chromatographic column travelled by the sample zone with an optimal velocity of the carrier-gas at the corresponding moments of time,
where - the beginning of the chromatographic column, and - the end of the chromatographic column.
Let at the moment the pressure at the inlet and outlet of the chromatographic column be correspondingly
Then at the moments of time on the corresponding sections
of the chromatographic column, the pressure will be
It may be noticed that
as well as
in this case
а
We build a matrix of pressures in the following way: let each line in it correspond to the pressures of the column at points
at a pressure at the inlet and at the outlet of the column at a moment while each column corresponds to the pressures at a point at moments of time
Thus the matrix has the following form
The first column of the matrix corresponds to the pressure at the inlet of the column, while the last one to the outlet. They are chosen such that in the column zone where the sample is found at a definite moment of time, there will always exist a constant pressure corresponding to an optimal flow rate. The first column corresponds to the moment of sample introduction, and the last one to the elution of the separated components from the column. Each element of the matrix corresponds to a definite flow rate at a definite moment of time. To each element of the matrix there corresponds a definite flow rate and followingly its equation from the multiple (3). The matrix elements corresponding to the passage of the sample with an optimal speed through the corresponding points of the column at definite moments of time are marked in yellow. For these it may be written
The carrier-gas pressure is programmed in such a way that it constantly secures an optimal linear speed for an imaginary point - the zone of the sample which travels with the carrier-gas from the inlet to the outlet of the chromatographic column in time, keeping ∆ p constant at its ends during the whole cycle of the analysis. This arithmetical model (of Hayrapetyan - Aghababyan) of chromatographic analysis built on the basis of the equation of Van Deemter describes in detail the mentioned technological process of analysis organization and corresponds to that equation from the multiple (3) which provides the optimal conditions of the analysis and leads to the attainment of the maximum possible efficiency of the column (Hayrapetyan's Effect).
In other words the pressure at the inlet and outlet of the chromatographic column is programmed such, that the carrier-gas flow rate in the column is optimal in each section at the needed moments of time. Thus, the separation of the sample is characterized by the equations from the multiple (3)
and they are all equivalent to the equation
(4)
And thus the maximum possible efficiency of the chromatographic column is attained (Hayrapetyan's Effect).
P. S.
C H R O M A B A R O G R A P H Y -
a new conveniences F o r m u l a :
optimal velocity,
managing ability, durability,
and
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of the chromatographic column.
A F O R M U L A OF YOUR SUPERIORITY.
About the Author
ARAM HAYRAPETYAN
47/6 Vardanants Street, Vanadzor 377201, Republic of Armenia,
Tel: (374) 512 0115
E-mail:
invent@freenet.am
Web-site:
HTTP://CHROMATOGRAPHY.HOTBOX.RU
PUBLICATIONS AND ARTICLES:
57 published works, including 21 certificates for individual authorship from USSR and Russia, Germany, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria.
PERSONAL DATES:
Born 17 May 1945, married, two children. Daughter born 1972, married. Son born 1977.