The way you carry yourself speaks volumes about your internal state of being. Non-verbal communication hasn't been dubbed "body language" for nothing. The implication is that it speaks about you all the time. It's an arena of human behaviour fraught with anecdote and misinformation. But if you're aware of some important aspects, you'll be aware of the unconscious messages you might send to other people.

Good psychotherapists take their body language cues from the people opposite them. Sitting in a not-too-dissimilar posture and composition from the person opposite is a quick way of exhibiting simpatico and empathy. It's also referred to in neurolinguistic and other terms as being in a state of rapport or "mirroring" the physiology and behaviour of the other person. Provided it's done with sensitivity and a positive, constructive intention, it can be an effective way of matching their state and then moving them to a more beneficial one. Clumsily executed, it will lead to immediate hostility as they cotton on to what you're doing.

Avoid using artificial "charm" or a smile. The Duchonne effect refers to the crinkles that appear next to your eyes. They signal a real smile or laugh - starting at the eyes and concluding by involving the mouth. Someone who knows you well will know from your eyes when you're even slightly amused. Artificial smiles often exclude the eyes and give a shark-like appearance to the smile. If you've had a botox shot to preserve you from wrinkles, you're in trouble!

Try to maintain open postures, in which your legs don't cross and your arms don't come across the front of your torso, in the initial phases of a communications encounter. Although not meaning anything specific on their own, these more receptive looking positions will make you feel less defensive or protective and have a positive, if minor, impact on the other person.

Remember that your posture and carriage reflects your state of mind to some or other extent. It's the oldest aspect of medicine known to human kind. Psycho-somatic. What happens in the mind will have an impact on the body. What the body does, will have an impact on the mind - that's called bio-feedback.

Body language is very culture specific. So gesture, movement and posture that signals one thing in a Eurocentric, Caucasian-dominated culture, may well signal the exact opposite, or nothing, in other cultures. Drawing quick, stereotyped conclusions from someone's body language is hazardous.

Habit is the delightful booby trap built into non verbal communication. Before you draw the conclusion that someone sitting or standing with crossed arms is "closed off" to those around them or rejecting your message, ask yourself whether they might be cold, or have heartburn. Or whether it's just their habit. People sometimes even adopt specific body postures because they have old sports injuries, arthritis, a pinched nerve in the lumbar spine and so on. You need to be literate in the territory of non-verbal, or be around them for some time, before you're able to draw accurate conclusions.

We often fold arms, hug our own elbows, stroke a shoulder or straighten clothing as a "self-caress." When you're tiny and you're uncomfortable, threatened or uncertain, someone will typically hold your hand or "caress" your shoulder, saying "Don't worry, it'll be OK." When we're older, we often self-caress under similar conditions. This leads to someone holding their own hand, crossed in front of the body, in a "figleaf" position.

I always say to clients who want to "get into" body language, "Worry more about your own non-verbal than that of others. If you're signalling appropriate openness, sensitivity, empathy and non-hostility, you'll have a positive impact on them, and in turn on their body-language.

If your conscious brain is ticking away, attempting to analyse someone's body behaviour, you're not focussing on the actual communication. You're using part of your neurological "band width" (message-carrying capacity) to monitor what's going on, at conscious brain level. That will dramatically reduce your ability to listen well, pick up intuitive cues, be natural and authentic.

One of the most common erroneous views expressed is that if someone touches their face during a communication, they're lying. Not necessarily so. The pop psychology books will tell you that: If you touch your nose you're lying, touch an eye and it means "I've seen enough of you', touch an ear and it means "I've heard enough from you." Touch the nape of the neck and it means "You're a pain in the neck." These are facile, idiotic and totally misleading signposts. Non-verbal will almost always occur in a little "cluster" of activities, which will only then have meaning or relevance. Always remember to take into account, culture, context and circumstances (the three C's) when observing someone else. If you don't, you might just be wandering up a blind alley.

Another stereotype is that someone "picking lint" off their clothes, disapproves of you. Nonsense. I sat opposite a client who straightened his tie, crossed and uncrossed his legs and picked non-existent lint off his clothes for three sessions. Eventually, I gently asked him if he was aware that he might be suffering from Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). He was a tad startled by the question but as we discussed it we realised that his repetitive behaviours extended destructively into other areas of his life. He's now going to do something about it.

Let's look at some culture-specific non-verbal differences: In the western world, we regard eye contact as one of the most important behaviours in interpersonal communication. We believe it demonstrates the candour and integrity of our intent. That people who don't make a high level of eye contact are unassertive or shifty. Wrong.

In Afrocentric, Indian, Thai and Japanese cultures (to name just a few) eye contact is differently interpreted. Sustained, plug-in, very direct and intense eye contact would be considered rude. The averted gaze or low level of eye contact signals deference, respect, non-aggression, absence of a challenge. Japanese businessmen sometimes have to undergo special training to use the kind of eye contact that would be considered essential in an American-dominated negotiation.

When you encounter a low level of eye contact in someone else, reduce your own eye contact to create empathy. Talk briefly into the person's eyes, let your eyes move to an object elsewhere in the room, touch the floor, re-connect briefly with your low-eye-contact counterpart and so on. Until a higher level of comfort is established and you're able to hold their gaze for longer. If, every time they look up, you're there, boring into their souls with your baby blues, you're going to make them very uncomfortable. They will also undoubtedly regard you as insensitive, aggressive or intimidating. Which will be true if you haven't bothered to find out how to behave "when in Rome." You will exhibit insularity and a lack of care.

Touching a Thai child's head will give rise to great offence in a religious family. Their belief is that the head is the seat of the Buddha. You defile it by touching it. In like vein, using your flattened and down-turned palm to indicate the height of a child is offensive to black South Africans. That gesture would typically only be used to indicate the height of an animal. For a child, you'd hold the hand, slightly cupped and palm-up. The top of your hand - now facing downwards, would indicate the height being discussed.

Pointing is considered a no-no in many cultures. Using a wiggling index finger to summon a waiter in a restaurant is another baddie. In the west, pointing and making fists are an accepted part of what we consider "assertive" behaviour. That same behaviour in other cultures may be considered rude or aggressive.

The circle formed by a closed thumb and index finger is often used by British and American people to indicate a "great" or "superb" or "that was good." The French use that same symbol to indicate a zero. So if a Parisian emerged from an opera and you asked about the performance, you might totally misinterpret the response if she or he gave the thumb'n forefinger gesture. You'd think they were impressed, when the opposite would be true.

Giving or accepting something with your left hand is unthinkable in most Hindu or Islamic cultures, as in Africa and elsewhere. The left hand is often used in non western cultures to wash strategic body parts after going to the loo. It's therefore very rude or an insult to give or receive with that hand. You may have noticed in many cultures the "abbreviated" two hand acceptance. The right hand will be extended to give or receive, and the left will be used to touch the right arm in the vicinity of the elbow. This has become a common substitute for the two-hander.

Extending your hand to greet a woman wearing a bourka (head scarf), yashmak (face mask) and chador (kaftan-like long body garment) will also cause offence. Wearing that garb indicates that she's observing purdah - which means only her husband or immediate family may see or touch her body.

Vocal volume and pitch (the high and low of voice) play a significant role. A rapid, low pitched, well-projected (for which read clearly audible in volume terms) voice is considered assertive and authoritative in the west. In eastern countries it may well be regarded as loud and boorish. In Japan and China, high pitched voices are considered to be polite.

Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher were both trained to manage hostility by responding with an altered voice pattern. You go down in volume, down in pitch (getting deeper), slow down in pace. You start to emphasise the m, n and ng sounds. So the speech starts to produce a "mmmm", "mmmmm" pattern. It's the vocal equivalent of a soothing physical touch or stroke. It signals an absence of hostility, and telegraphs caring, empathy and a desire to soothe or placate. Powerful stuff if well used, in confrontations.

The late Princess Diana raised eyebrows in the middle east, by sitting with crossed legs and having the sole of her shoe facing an important person. The interpretation is that you're being insulting. Metaphorically speaking, you're trampling the other person underfoot.

Taking up a reasonable amount of space and using large or expansive gestures would be considered assertive, commanding and normal in Eurocentric terms. In Asian cultures, that would be seen as domineering. There is a correlation between space available to specific culture groups and their use of space and gestures. That makes logical sense. If you make grand gestures in a Tokyo subway train (functionally impossible, since you're jammed in tight), you'd hit several people close to you. In the Australian outback or the wide spaces of Texas or Africa, there wouldn't be the same risk.

What's the point of these examples you might wonder? Well, although we function in a business environment that is slowly adopting more and more of a "globalized culture", there are many cultures that aren't adapting at quite the same speed. If we want to operate effectively, whether interpersonally or in business, it's essential to be aware of and sensitive to, differing needs and expectations.

I heard at an international conference in Dar es Salaam, an African man complaining that people didn't greet him first when he walked into a room. This was part of his cultural mor