What is Down Syndrome?

Every year, one child in every 800 to 1,000 births will be born with a condition known as Down syndrome. Down syndrome is a disorder in which the child has extra genetic material. This extra genetic material causes the baby to develop differently in the womb. This abnormal development occurs during the early stages of cell division, soon after conception. There is no known reason for Down syndrome or a cure for it. The disorder came by its name when an English physician, John Langdon Down, published a description of the characteristics of a person with the condition in 1886. Since Dr. Down was the first person to give the syndrome a name, the disorder is known as Down syndrome. The Common Forms of Downs There are three distinct forms of Down syndrome. The most common form is Trisomy 21. This is when a child has an extra chromosome 21. Instead of having 46 chromosomes in each cell (23 from the father and 23 from the mother), he has 47. Ninety-five percent of children born with Down syndrome have Trisomy 21. Translocation is another form of Down syndrome and makes up 3 to 4% of the population of people with the disorder. Translocation occurs when part of chromosome 21 breaks off and attaches to another chromosome, changing the genetic makeup. In this form of Down syndrome, each cell has the normal 46 chromosomes, but there is extra genetic material from the broken off chromosome. The third and final form is called Mosaicism, and is the rarest form of Down syndrome, occurring in only 2% of all cases. Mosaicism happens when some of the cells in the forming embryo have 46 chromosomes, and some have 47. Thus, the alternating pattern gives it the name Mosaicism. People with Mosaicism may not be as affected with the physical and/or developmentally delayed characteristics of those born with the other two forms of Down syndrome. Common Physical Traits Babies with Down syndrome are usually diagnosed at birth or shortly thereafter. Because Down syndrome affects a child physically, there will be certain features that an alert doctor or nurse will pick up on. Most children with the syndrome will have some or all of these traits. Among the most common physical characteristics are: * Low muscle tone * Small nose and flat nasal bridge * An upward slant to the eyes (almond shaped) * Small skin folds on the inner corner of the eyes * Tongue large for size of child's mouth * Small, sometimes abnormally shaped ears * A single crease across the center of the palm * Fifth finger, the pinky, has only one crease instead of two * Larger than normal space between the large and second toe * Joints are hyper flexible, able to extend greater than average These physical traits are characteristic of a baby with Down syndrome, but in order to determine if a child does indeed have the disorder, a chromosome analysis will need to be performed. This is done by taking blood from your baby and the analysis will be done in a laboratory. Your doctor will notify you of the results. By Jane Orville