The sex of a puppy is determined by the sire. The dam determines the number of puppies that can be conceived. Breeding should occur every other day during the dam's full estrous period to the allow the stud to recuperate and rebuild viable sperm.

At the moment of conception a puppy's genetic makeup is set for life. A breeder can only support the litter by providing an optimum environment, first for the dam and then later for the puppies.

The genetic history of a puppy is not always just from the immediate sire or dam. It is also based on earlier family members such as the grandparents, great grandparents and even earlier generations.

The discipline of breeding along with the successes and heartaches is found learning the aspects of linebreeding, inbreeding and outcrossing of the various bloodlines available. It takes years of concentrated study and effort, trial and error, to achieve a successful breeding program.

It is important to know the breed standard and to have a fundamental grasp of genetics. However, even with the most scientific approach, breeding dogs involves a certain amount of luck. It is like the spin of a roulette wheel, or a numbers game. I often think one needs to have a bit of a "gamblers" mentality to be able to stick with it. There is a "high" that can be experienced by the dedicated and passionate breeder....at the time of whelping....at the time of puppies departing and at the time of finally mating the perfect pair, and much uncertainity all along the way of whether this is a win or a loss.

Puppies' temperaments are affected by genetics, environment and initially through their dam, her relationship with the breeder and her generalized perception of her environment. The attitude of the dam will be reflected to some degree in every puppy.

The time between birth and the first eight to ten weeks of puppies' lives is the most critical time. It is at this time that they acquire much of their mother's temperament. Puppies are highly focused on their mother during this time period.

Puppies and older dogs learn through mimicking those closest to them, their mother and their littermates. Inherited behaviors is believed to be only about 10 percent and 90 percent is acquired. The environment in which a puppy is eventually raised into an adult dog plays the biggest role on the puppy's ultimate temperament and behaviors.

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