Automating Tasks in Linux using Cron
Linux has a powerful task scheduler called Cron. Cron will
allow you to run commands automatically at times specified
by you. Cron is similar to the task scheduler you find in
Windows. To keep track of the schedules and tasks it has
to run, Cron requires a file called Crontab (CRON TABle).
All the Cron schedules and tasks should be stored in this
table. The Crontab files cannot be directly edited. You can
add or delete entries in the crontab file using the crontab
command.
What's Cron and Crontab ?
You must be wondering what the difference between cron and
crontab or wether they are the same. Cron is a process or
program which wakes up every minute and looks for jobs it
has to execute at that moment. Crontab is the list of jobs
and times at which they have to execute.
Crontab Format:
Each entry in Crontab has at least 6 fields separated by a
single space.
Field 1 Minute Range of Values : 0-59
Field 2 Hour Range of Values : 0-23
Field 3 Day Range of Values : 1-31
Field 4 Month Range of Values : 1-12
Field 5 Day of week Range of Values : 0-6 (Sunday being 0)
Field 6 Command to Execute
Now let's see how to make a crontab entry. Let's say you
want to run a script backup.sh every day at 6:00pm.The
entry would look like this:
0 18 * * * /home/user/backup.sh
The asterisk (*) is used to indicate that every instance of
the particular time period will be used (i.e. every hour,
every weekday, etc.). I've used to full path to the script
/home/user/backup.sh instead of just using backup.sh. This
is because cron runs as root, you should fully qualify your
path names to any scripts that will be run. Let's see some
more examples :
* Let's run the script printinvoices.sh every sunday
at 12:45pm.
45 12 * * 0 /home/account/printinvoices.sh
* How about clearaccount.sh every month beginning
at 1:32am ?
21 1 1 * * /home/accont/clearaccount.sh
* Let's see how to schedule a task to run only on
weekdays(monday to friday)
0 10 * * 1-5 /home/account/cleartemp.sh
Adding and Editing Entries in Crontab
and
Now that you know how crontab entries are formated, it's time
to put some of your entries into the crontab list. To do this,
you can use the crontab command. By specifying the -e option,
you'll be taken to the default text editor to add and edit
your crontab list. [crontab -e]
Another method of manipulating your crontab entries is to create
and save a text file with your crontab entries. You can load
your list into crontab by using the following command:
[crontab mycrontablist]
where mycrontablist is the file containing your entries.
Viewing Crontab: [crontab -l]
You can view your current crontab list by specifying the -l
option. Issuing this command will print out a list of all your
current jobs in the crontab list
Removing Crontab: [crontab -r]
The -r option removes your current crontab file. Issuing this
command will empty the contents of the current user's crontab
file
Output from cron
Usually the output of cron gets mailed to the owner of the
process or the person or email id specified in the MAILTO
variable. To set the MAILTO variable, you'll have to add the
following command to the top of your crontab :
MAILTO="your_email_address@domain.com"
If you have a command that is run frequently, and you don't
want the output to be emailed each time, you can redirect the
output to a log file cmd >> log.file, so your job would be
something like this.
0 18 * * * /home/user/backup.sh>>log.file
If you don't want any output at all, you can redirect the
output to a null file : cmd>>/dev/null
0 18 * * * /home/user/backup.sh>>/dev/null
About the Author
Vinu Thomas is a consultant on Web design and Internet Technologies.
His website is http://www.vinuthomas.com. You can read more articles
on Linux @ http://www.vinuthomas.com/sections-listarticles-6.html