Food as Fuel
Nutrition Basics for the Exercising Adult
Food is necessary for all humans to sustain life. For our
bodies to properly function at rest, calories are needed from
food to provide the energy needed to breathe, help our heart
beat, allow our blood to flow and aid in hundreds of other
functions that occur involuntarily and not necessarily at a
conscious level. This energy requirement for basic human
function is called Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR). [For an excellent
discussion on metabolism, please see the Lifestyle 30 reference
manual.]
When you begin an exercise program, the caloric requirements
(energy requirements) for your body increase. You must now begin
to think of food as the fuel for your activities.
It is the fuel that powers you through your workouts. It is the
fuel that promotes recovery at the cellular level. It is the
fuel that allows the building of stronger muscles and connective
tissues. Ensuring that you eat the proper amounts and types of
food to fuel your exercise regimen is of paramount importance.
The Roles of Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats
No matter what the latest diet fads may promote, be assured
that carbohydrates are an essential part of any diet for the
exercising adult. At least 1/3 of your daily calories should
come from carbohydrates and, as your activity level increases,
the percentage of carbohydrates in your diet should also
increase. Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in the body, and
when there is an increasing demand for energy, glycogen is what
the muscles reach for first. It is converted rapidly and
efficiently into the fuel that the body needs for activity.
Dietary protein for the active adult is essential for the
repair and growth of muscle tissue and connective tissues such
as ligaments and tendons. At the very minimum, 15-20% percent of
your daily calories should come from protein. Research has shown
that consuming a protein source within 30 minutes of completion
of exercise helps speed repair and recovery of muscles and
tissues. It is also beneficial to include a protein source at
all meals and snacks throughout the day.
It may seem counterintuitive, but fat is actually an important
fuel source that the body uses for energy. At least 20-30% of
your daily caloric intake should be from fat. Fat does not burn
as efficiently as glycogen, but it can be used for energy,
nonetheless. This process is best described using the following
analogy: Think of trying to set a log on fire. We all know that
it is extremely difficult to light a log with a match.
If we put kindling around the log, however, and light the
kindling, the kindling burns readily and eventually, the log
will also burn. Think of fat as the log and carbohydrates as the
kindling. Fat will burn, but not readily, and only in the
presence of carbohydrates.
The "Fat-Burning" Zone
The body will use both fat and carbohydrates as fuel sources
during low-level, sustained aerobic activity. If you maintain an
intensity level between 60-85% of your maximum heart rate, you
will stay in this aerobic, "fat-burning" zone. When you move to
intensities higher than this, your muscles are working so hard
that they need "fast" fuel - so they reach for glycogen (the
"kindling") almost exclusively. Protein is used by the body as
an energy source only as a last resort when your glycogen stores
have been depleted. When you run out of glycogen, this is often
referred to as "the bonk." You feel sluggish, your muscles feel
heavy, and you are completely out of energy. It is a difficult
and inefficient process for the body to convert protein to fuel
for use in the muscles, so you would rather not reach this point
of glycogen depletion.
Refueling DURING exercise
This brings us to refueling during exercise. Your body has
enough glycogen stored in the muscle cells to last for
approximately 90 minutes of continuous exercise. If you
exercisefor longer than 90 minutes, you will need to take in
nutrients (primarily carbohydrates) to sustain your activity.
So, if you plan on exercising for over 60 minutes, plan on
consuming 30-60 grams of carbohydrates per hour of exercise.
These carbohydrate calories can come from solid food (like an
energy bar), liquid food (like a sports drink), or from one of
many commercially available energy gels.
Refueling AFTER exercise
Refueling after exercise is just as important. Because you can
only store enough glycogen for approximately 90 minutes of
exercise, if you exercise for 60 minutes or even just 30
minutes, you can see the importance of eating after your workout
to replenish your glycogen stores. Eating within the first 30
minutes following your workout is ideal.
Even if it is just an energy bar that contains both
carbohydrates and some protein, taken with at least 8-ounces of
water, this will set you on the right road to recovery. If
eating within the first 30 minutes of completing your workout is
not possible, then be sure to refuel within at least 2 hours of
exercise. Research has shown that the sooner you can replace
lost nutrients (within the 2-hour window following exercise),
the faster your muscles will recover before the next workout.
Refueling BEFORE exercise
This comes last in this discussion on nutrition, but it comes
first as you prepare to exercise every day. What should you eat
and when should you eat it before exercise? In general, you will
eat less the closer you are to your exercise session.
The following guidelines apply: Less than 1 hr before exercise
Sports drink or energy bar* 1-4 hrs prior to exercise 150-300
calories 4 hrs prior to exercise 600+ calories These calories
should consist of carbohydrates, protein, and fat in the ratios
we spoke of above, if possible. With less than an hour before
exercise, however, carbohydrates will be much more easily
digested and managed in your system, so that is why a sports
drink or energy bar is recommended.
Summary
To maintain a healthy lifestyle, eating and exercising
appropriately go hand in hand. Be sure to fuel your body
properly before, during, and after exercise to get the most out
of your active life.
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